Proteomic profiling of splenic interstitial fluid of malnourished mice infected with Leishmania infantum reveals defects on cell proliferation and pro-inflammatory response.

Protein malnutrition is a risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis. Because we previously demonstrated that protein malnutrition and infection with Leishmania infantum disrupts the splenic microarchitecture in BALB/c mice, alters T cell-subsets and increases splenic parasite load, we hypothesize that splenic microenvironment is precociously compromised in infected animals that suffered a preceding malnutrition. To evaluate this, we characterized the abundance of proteins secreted in the splenic interstitial fluid (IF) using an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach. In addition, local levels of pro-inflammatory and proliferation molecules were analyzed. Whereas well-nourished infected animals showed increased IL-1ß and IL-2 levels, malnourished-infected mice displayed significant reduction of these cytokines. Remarkably, a two-weeks infection with L. infantum already modified protein abundance in the splenic IF of well-nourished mice, but malnourished animals failed to respond to infection in the same fashion. Malnutrition induced significant reduction of chemotactic and pro-inflammatory molecules as well as of proteins involved in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism, indicating an impaired proliferative microenvironment. Accordingly, a significant decrease in Ki67 expression was observed, suggesting that splenocyte proliferation is compromised in malnourished animals. Together, our results show that malnutrition compromises the splenic microenvironment and alters the immune response to the parasite in malnourished individuals. SIGNIFICANCE: Protein malnutrition is recognized as an important epidemiological risk factor for developing visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Locally secreted factors present in the interstitial fluid have important roles in initiating immune responses and in regulating fluid volume during inflammation. However, the regulation of secreted factors under pathological conditions such as malnutrition and infection are widely unknown. To analyze how protein malnutrition alters secreted proteins involved in the immune response to L. infantum infection we evaluated the proteomic profile of the interstitial fluid of the spleen in malnourished BALB/c mice infected with L. infantum. Our work revealed new elements that contribute to the understanding of the immunopathological events in the spleen of malnourished animals infected with L. infantum and opens new pathways for consideration of other aspects that could improve VL treatment in malnourished individuals.

Thymic Microenvironment Is Modified by Malnutrition and Leishmania infantum Infection.

Detrimental effects of malnutrition on immune responses to pathogens have long been recognized and it is considered a main risk factor for various infectious diseases, including visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Thymus is a target of both malnutrition and infection, but its role in the immune response to Leishmania infantum in malnourished individuals is barely studied. Because we previously observed thymic atrophy and significant reduction in cellularity and chemokine levels in malnourished mice infected with L. infantum, we postulated that the thymic microenvironment is severely compromised in those animals. To test this, we analyzed the microarchitecture of the organ and measured the protein abundance in its interstitial space in malnourished BALB/c mice infected or not with L. infantum. Malnourished-infected animals exhibited a significant reduction of the thymic cortex:medulla ratio and altered abundance of proteins secreted in the thymic interstitial fluid. Eighty-one percent of identified proteins are secreted by exosomes and malnourished-infected mice showed significant decrease in exosomal proteins, suggesting that exosomal carrier system, and therefore intrathymic communication, is dysregulated in those animals. Malnourished-infected mice also exhibited a significant increase in the abundance of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and tricarboxylic acid cycle, suggestive of a non-proliferative microenvironment. Accordingly, flow cytometry analysis revealed decreased proliferation of single positive and double positive T cells in those animals. Together, the reduced cortical area, decreased proliferation, and altered protein abundance suggest a dysfunctional thymic microenvironment where T cell migration, proliferation, and maturation are compromised, contributing for the thymic atrophy observed in malnourished animals. All these alterations could affect the control of the local and systemic infection, resulting in an impaired response to L. infantum infection.

TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA HAS DUAL EFFECTS ON MMP9 AND uPA EXPRESSION IN HTR-8/SVneo HUMAN TROPHOBLASTIC CELL LINE / El factor de crecimiento transformante beta tiene efecto dual en la expresión de MMP9 y uPA en la línea celular de trofoblasto _HTR-8/SVneo

ABSTRACT Invasion of trophoblast into endometrium is vital for successful pregnancy development. MMP9 and uPA are key proteases in this process, but it is still not clear the regulation of its expression by Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β), a known negative regulator of trophoblast invasion. We evaluated the effect of TGF-β on the transcriptional expression of uPA and MMP9 over time, in HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells cultured with or without 0.5 % fetal bovine serum, via RT qPCR. The involved transcription factors and signaling pathways were analyzed in silico, using Proscan, Enrich, PCViz and Wiki Pathway. Results showed that TGF-β temporarily regulates the expression of uPA and MMP9. Serum modified the nature of TGF-β's effects on uPA expression, from negative without serum to positive with it, showing opposite effects on MMP9 expression. In silico analysis evidenced different transcription factors for each protease, some belonging to TGF-β signaling pathway, and crosstalk with MAPK and Wnt/β -catenin pathways. The TGF-β dual role is discussed proposing that serum affects the cellular context. Transcriptional regulation of MMP9 and uPA by TGF-β is differential and depends on serum presence and evaluation time.

RESUMEN La invasión del trofoblasto al endometrio es vital para el correcto desarrollo del embarazo. Las proteasas MMP9 y uPA son claves en este proceso, pero aún no es clara la regulación de su expresión por parte del Factor de Crecimiento Transformante beta (TGF-β), conocido por sus acciones no invasivas sobre el trofoblasto. En este trabajo evaluamos el efecto del TGF-β sobre la expresión transcripcional de uPA y MMP9 en células de la línea de trofoblasto HTR-8/SVneo cultivadas con o sin suero fetal bovino al 0,5 %, mediante RT qPCR. Se analizaron in sillico los potenciales factores de transcripción y vías de señalización involucradas empleando Proscan, Enrich, PCViz y WikiPathway. Los resultados muestran que el TGF-β regula temporalmente la expresión de uPA y MMP9. El suero modificó la naturaleza del efecto del TGF-β sobre la expresión de uPA, de negativo en ausencia de suero a positivo en presencia de este, presentando efectos opuestos para la expresión de MMP9. El análisis in sillico evidenció diferentes factores de transcripción para cada proteasa, algunos pertenecientes a la vía de señalización del TGF-β, y un entrecruzamiento con la vía MAPK y Wnt/β-catenina. Los resultados sugieren que la regulación transcripcional de MMP9 y uPA por parte del TGF-β es diferencial y depende de la presencia de suero y tiempo de evaluación.

Erratum: Protein malnutrition promotes dysregulation of molecules involved in T cell migration in the thymus of mice infected with Leishmania infantum.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep45991.

Protein malnutrition promotes dysregulation of molecules involved in T cell migration in the thymus of mice infected with Leishmania infantum.

Protein malnutrition, the most deleterious cause of malnutrition in developing countries, has been considered a primary risk factor for the development of clinical visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Protein malnutrition and infection with Leishmania infantum leads to lymphoid tissue disorganization, including changes in cellularity and lymphocyte subpopulations in the thymus and spleen. Here we report that protein malnutrition modifies thymic chemotactic factors by diminishing the CCL5, CXCL12, IGF1, CXCL9 and CXCL10 protein levels in infected animals. Nevertheless, T cells preserve their migratory capability, as they were able to migrate ex vivo in response to chemotactic stimuli, indicating that malnutrition may compromise the thymic microenvironment and alter in vivo thymocyte migration. Decrease in chemotactic factors protein levels was accompanied by an early increase in the parasite load of the spleen. These results suggest that the precondition of malnutrition is affecting the cell-mediated immune response to L. infantum by altering T cell migration and interfering with the capacity of protein-deprived animals to control parasite spreading and proliferation. Our data provide evidence for a disturbance of T lymphocyte migration involving both central and peripheral T-cells, which likely contribute to the pathophysiology of VL that occurs in malnourished individuals.

Detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum in naturally and experimentally infected animal samples.

Leishmania infantum is one of the causative agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). VL is the most severe form of leishmaniasis and can be fatal if it is not properly treated. Although several PCR works are intended to detect L. infantum, in silico analysis of available primers and/or primer-probes reveals potential cross species amplification. Here, a TaqMan-based quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) assay was developed for specific detection and quantitation of L. infantum in tissue samples from experimentally or naturally infected animals, mice or dogs, respectively. For this assay, primers and probes were designed for the kinetoplast minicircle DNA of L. infantum. The qPCR assay achieved a detection limit of 0.01pg of parasite DNA, and allowed specific amplification of L. infantum in both asymptomatic and symptomatic naturally infected dogs with inter-assay variation coefficients between 0.05-0.11. There was no cross amplification with dog DNA or with L. braziliensis, L. donovani, L. major, L. tropica or Trypanosoma cruzi. In addition, our assay detected a significantly higher parasite load in symptomatic than in the asymptomatic animals (p<0.0001). We believe this approach will be a valuable tool for the specific detection of L. infantum in regions of sympatric transmission of VL-causing parasites.

Serum depletion induces changes in protein expression in the trophoblast-derived cell line HTR-8/SVneo.

BACKGROUND: How nutrition and growth factor restriction due to serum depletion affect trophoblast function remains poorly understood. We performed a proteomic differential study of the effects of serum depletion on a first trimester human immortalized trophoblast cell line. METHODS: The viability of HTR-8/SVneo trophoblast cells in culture with 0, 0.5 and 10 % fetal bovine serum (FBS) were assayed via MTT at 24, 48 and 64 h. A comparative proteomic analysis of the cells grown with those FBS levels for 24 h was performed using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE), followed by mass spectrometry for protein spot identification, and a database search and bioinformatics analysis of the expressed proteins. Differential spots were identified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (n = 3, significance level 0.10, D > 0.642) and/or ANOVA (n = 3, p < 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed that low serum doses or serum depletion differentially affect cell growth and protein expression. Differential expression was seen in 25 % of the protein spots grown with 0.5 % FBS and in 84 % of those grown with 0 % FBS, using 10 % serum as the physiological control. In 0.5 % FBS, this difference was related with biological processes typically affected by the serum, such as cell cycle, regulation of apoptosis and proliferation. In addition to these changes, in the serum-depleted proteome we observed downregulation of keratin 8, and upregulation of vimentin, the glycolytic enzymes enolase and pyruvate kinase (PKM2) and tumor progression-related inosine-5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase 2 (IMPDH2) enzyme. The proteins regulated by total serum depletion, but not affected by growth in 0.5 % serum, are members of the glycolytic and nucleotide metabolic pathways and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), suggesting an adaptive switch characteristic of malignant cells. CONCLUSIONS: This comparative proteomic analysis and the identified proteins are the first evidence of a protein expression response to serum depletion in a trophoblast cell model. Our results show that serum depletion induces specific changes in protein expression concordant with main cell metabolic adaptations and EMT, resembling the progression to a malignant phenotype.

Implementación de una metodología para la separación de proteomas de plasma humano mediante electroforesis bidimensional / Implementation of a methodology to separate human plasma proteomes by two-dimensional electrophoresis / Implementação de uma metodologia para a separação do proteoma do plasma humano por eletroforese bidimensional

En este trabajo se implementaron las condiciones para la separación de proteomas de plasma sanguíneo por electroforesis bidimensional. En muestras de plasma de infante y adulto se evaluaron dos sistemas de pretratamiento de la muestra para reducir el rango dinámico de las proteínas: inmunodepleción de proteínas abundantes y enriquecimiento de proteínas de baja abundancia. Los proteomas se separaron por electroforesis bidimensional y las imágenes se analizaron con el programa Melanie 7.0. Se encontró que ambos métodos de pretratamiento fueron reproducibles y permitieron ver las diferencias en los proteomas de infante y adulto, como muestran los análisis de componentes principales y de clasificación jerárquica tipo heatmap. El porcentaje de recuperación de proteínas fue mayor con la inmunodepleción en comparación con el enriquecimiento proteico. Estos resultados permitieron concluir que con la inmunodepleción, se tiene mayor control de las proteínas eliminadas y por tanto menor pérdida de información, lo que permite su aplicación en estudios exploratorios para la identificación de potenciales biomarcadores de enfermedad.

The conditions to separate blood plasma proteomes by two-dimensional electrophoresis were implemented. In plasma samples from infant and adult two sample pretreatment systems to reduce the proteins dynamic range were evaluated: Immunodepletion of abundant proteins and protein-enrichment of low abundance proteins. Proteomes were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the images were analyzed using Melanie 7.0. It was found that both pretreatment methods were reproducible and allowed to see the differences in the proteomes of infant and adult, as evidenced by the principal component analysis and heatmap, a type of hierarchic classification. The percent recovery of proteins was greater with the immunodepletion method, compared to the protein enrichment system. With these results, we conclude that reducing the complexity of plasma by immunoaffinity showed better control of unrecovered proteins and therefore less loss of information, which allows its application on exploratory studies to identify potential biomarkers of disease.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi otimizar as condições para a separação de proteomas do plasma sanguíneo por eletroforese bidimensional para sua aplicação na procura de potenciais biomarcadores. Trabalhou-se com amostras de plasma de crianças e adultos, avaliando dois sistemas de pre-tratamento da amostra para diminuir o espectro dinâmico das proteínas, imunodepleção de proteínas abundantes e enriquecimento de proteínas de baixa abundância. Os proteomas foram separados por eletroforese bidimensional e as imagens foram analisadas com o programa Melanie 7.0. Foi encontrado que ambos métodos de pre-tratamento foram reprodutíveis e permitiram observar as diferenças nos proteomas de crianças e adultos, como foram evidenciadas com as análises de componentes principais e de classificação hierárquica tipo heatmap. A porcentagem de recuperação de proteínas foi maior na imunodepleção do que obtido pelo enriquecimento proteico. Estes resultados permitiram concluir que com a imunodepleção há um controle mais eficiente das proteínas eliminadas e assim uma menor perda de informação, isto permite sua aplicação em estudos exploratórios orientados na identificação de potenciais biomarcadores da doença.

T-cell populations and cytokine expression are impaired in thymus and spleen of protein malnourished BALB/c mice infected with Leishmania infantum.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic infectious disease that causes significant morbidity and mortality in the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Although infections with visceralizing Leishmania may be asymptomatic, factors such as undernutrition increase the likelihood of progressing to clinical disease. Protein malnutrition, the most deleterious cause of malnutrition in developing countries, has been considered as a primary risk factor for the development of clinical VL. However, data regarding the immunological basis of this association are scarce. With the aim to analyze the effects of protein malnutrition on Leishmania infantum infection, we used BALB/c mice subjected to control or low protein isocaloric diets. Each animal group was divided into two subgroups and one was infected with L. infantum resulting in four study groups: animals fed 14% protein diet (CP), animals fed 4% protein diet (LP), animals fed 14% protein diet and infected (CPi), and animals fed 4% protein diet and infected (LPi).The susceptibility to L. infantum infection and immune responses were assessed in terms of body and lymphoid organ weight, parasite load, lymphocyte subpopulations, and cytokine expression. LPi mice had a significant reduction of body and lymphoid organ weight and exhibited a severe decrease of lymphoid follicles in the spleen. Moreover, LPi animals showed a significant decrease in CD4+CD8+ T cells in the thymus, whereas there was an increase of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells percentages in the spleen. Notably, the cytokine mRNA levels in the thymus and spleen of protein malnourished-infected animals were altered compared to the CP mice. Protein malnutrition results in a drastic dysregulation of T cells and cytokine expression in the thymus and spleen of L. infantum-infected BALB/c mice, which may lead to defective regulation of the thymocyte population and an impaired splenic immune response, accelerating the events of a normal course of infection.

Simvastatin impairs growth hormone-activated signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling pathway in UMR-106 osteosarcoma cells.

Recent studies have demonstrated that statins reduce cell viability and induce apoptosis in various types of cancer cells. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. The JAK/STAT pathway plays an important role in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis in many tissues, and its deregulation is believed to be involved in tumorigenesis and cancer. The physiological activation of STAT proteins by GH is rapid but transient in nature and its inactivation is regulated mainly by the expression of SOCS proteins. UMR-106 osteosarcoma cells express a GH-responsive JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, providing an experimental model to study the influence of statins on this system. In this study we investigated the actions of simvastatin on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion on UMR-106 cells and examined whether alterations in GH-stimulated JAK/STAT/SOCS signaling may be observed. Results showed that treatment of osteosarcoma cells with simvastatin at 3 to 10 µM doses decreases cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in a time- and dose-dependent manner. At the molecular level, although the mechanisms used by simvastatin are not entirely clear, the effect of the statin on the reduction of JAK2 and STAT5 phosphorylation levels may partially explain the decrease in the GH-stimulated STAT5 transcriptional activity. This effect correlated with a time- and dose-dependent increase of SOCS-3 expression levels in cells treated with simvastatin, a regulatory role that has not been previously described. Furthermore, the finding that simvastatin is capable of inducing SOCS-3 and CIS genes expression shows the potential of the JAK/STAT pathway as a therapeutic target, reinforcing the efficacy of simvastatin as chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of osteosarcoma.

Structural features of the two-component systemLisR/LisK suggests multiple responses for the adaptation and survival of Listeria monocytogenes

Se caracterizó la estructura del sistema deregulación de dos componentes LisR/LisK de Listeriamonocytogenes. Se emplearon herramientas bioinformáticas ybases de datos para predecir la estructura e interacciones delas dos proteínas y se modelaron. Los resultados predicenque la proteína LisK está embebida en la membrana celulary su composición modular (dominios HAMP, histidinakinasa and ATPasa) está asociada a su autofosforilación(His-266). Un efecto estímulo respuesta determina lapropagación secuencial de la señal desde la membranacelular hacia componentes citoplasmáticos. A su vez, sepredice que LisR es una proteína citosólica con un dominiode receptor (homólogo a cheY) que incluye el residuofosfo-aceptor (Asp-52) y el dominio de unión a ADN,el cual puede permitir la transmisión de una respuestaespecífica a nivel transcripcional. Los componentes LisR/LisK han sido bioquímica y funcionalmente caracterizadosexperimentalmente en la patofisiología de otros bacilos. Espor ello, que la aproximación de los resultados basados enestructura-función podría facilitar el diseño de inhibidoresespecíficos...

Here, we characterized the structure of the two-component regulatory system, LisR/LisK, in Listeriamonocytogenes. To predict the structure of both proteins and the relationship between them, we employedseveral bioinformatic tools and databases. Based on our results, LisK protein is embedded in the cellmembrane and its modular composition (HAMP, histidine kinase and ATPase domains) is associatedwith its autophosphorylation (His-266). A stimulus-response likely determines the sequential signalpropagation from the bacterial cell surface to its cytoplasmic components. According to our results,LisR is a cytoplasmic protein with a receptor domain (homologous to CheY) that comprises a phosphoacceptorresidue (Asp-52) and a DNA-binding domain, which may allow the transmission of a specifictranscriptional response. LisR/LisK has been experimentally characterized both biochemically andfunctionally in other Bacilli pathophysiology; our structure-function approach may facilitate the design ofsuitable inhibitors...

O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizarestruturalmente o sistema de regulação de dois componentesLisR/LisK de Listeria monocytogenes. Foram utilizadasdiversas ferramentas de bioinformática e bancos de dadospara predizer a estrutura das duas proteínas, modelálase prever suas interações. Os resultados predizemque a proteína Lisk está incorporada na composição damembrana celular e sua composição modular (domíniosHAMP, histidina quinase e ATPase) está associada com asua autofosforilação (His-266). Um efeito de estímulo eresposta determina a propagação sequencial do sinal a partirda membrana celular em componentes citoplasmáticos. Osresultados predizem que LisR é uma proteína citosólicacom um domínio recetor (homólogo a CheY) que inclui oresíduo fosfo-aceitador (Asp-52) e o domínio de ligação aoADN, o que pode permitir a transmissão de uma respostaespecífica a nível transcricional. Como LisR/Lisk foi,química e funcionalmente, caracterizada experimentalmentena fisiopatologia de outros bacilos, esta abordagem baseadana estrutura-função pode facilitar a conceção de inibidoresespecíficos...

Protein identification in two phases of 1,3-propanediol production by proteomic analysis.

Proteomic analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2D)-mass spectrometry was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in the Clostridium sp. native strain (IBUN 158B) in two phases of the 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) production (lag phase and exponential growth phase). Intracellular protein fraction extraction conditions were standardised, as well as the 2D electrophoresis. Differences were found between both of the growth phases evaluated here. Thirty-two of the differentially expressed proteins were chosen to be identified by tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF/TOF). The presence of four enzymes implicated in the 1,3-PD metabolic pathway was recorded: one from the reductive route (1,3-propanediol dehydrogenase) and three from the oxidative route (3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, NADPH-dependent butanol dehydrogenase and phosphate butyryl transferase). The following enzymes which have not been previously reported for Clostridium sp., were also identified: phosphoglycerate kinase, glucose 6-phosphate isomerase, deoxyribose phosphate aldolase, transketolase, cysteine synthetase, O-acetylhomoserine sulphhydrylase, glycyl-tRNA ligase, aspartate-ß-semialdehyde dehydrogenase, inosine-5-monophosphate dehydrogenase, aconitate hydratase and the PrsA protein. The foregoing provides a novel contribution towards knowledge of the native strain for the purpose of designing genetic manipulation strategies to obtain strains with high production of 1,3-PD. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The article "Protein identification in two phases of 1,3-propanediol production by proteomic analysis" provides a novel contribution towards knowledge regarding the Colombian Clostridium sp. native strain (IBUN 158B) because this is a new approximation in comparative proteomics in two phases of the bacterial growth and 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) production conditions. The proteomic studies are very important to identify the enzymes that are expressed at different stages of production and therefore genes of interest in the genetic manipulation strategies; the results can be taken into account in future studies in metabolic engineering when optimising 1,3-PD production, in a cost-effective process having direct industrial applications.

Igf-ii y la gonddotropina coriónica regulan la roliferación, migración e invassión de células de trofoblasto humano / IGF-II and Chorionic Gonadotropin Regulate Proliferation, Migration and Invasion of Human Trophoblast Cells

Son conocidas las propiedades del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina tipo II (IGF-II) y de la hormona gonadotropina coriónica (hCG) en implantación y migración trofoblástica; sin embargo, los mecanismos moleculares a través de los cuales ejercen sus efectos no están completamente caracterizados. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer la interacción potencial entre los efectos funcionales de hCG e IGF-II en la regulación de la proliferación, migración e invasión trofoblástica. Utilizando la línea celular HTR-8/SVneo de trofoblasto extravelloso se estableció que IGF-II promueve la proliferación celular y de manera novedosa se demostró que hCG, a concentraciones elevadas, es capaz de estimular la proliferación trofoblástica, a través de un mecanismo independiente al empleado por IGF-II. En contraste, la capacidad invasiva del trofoblasto fue regulada por IGF-II y hCG, planteando la existencia de un efecto aditivo en sus acciones. En conclusión, nuestros resultados demuestran el papel de hCG e IGF-II en la regulación de la proliferación e invasión del trofoblasto y plantean la existencia de interacciones a nivel de sus acciones biológicas, contribuyendo a un mejor entendimiento de la biología del trofoblasto y sus patologías.

Both IGF-II and chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) are important regulators of human trophoblast migration and implantation; however the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential cross-talk between functional effects of hCG and IGF-II in the regulation of trophoblast proliferation, migration and invasion. Using the HTR-8/SVneo trophobast cell line we found that IGF-II stimulates cell proliferation and, for the first time we demonstrate that hCG at high doses is able to promote trophoblast proliferation through a mechanism independent of IGF-II. In contrast, trophoblast invasiveness was regulated by both IGF-II and hCG and an additive effect between the two hormones was observed. In conclusion, our results demonstrate cross-talk between the biological activities of IGF-II and hCG in the regulation of trophoblast invasiveness and contribute to a better understanding of the trophoblast biology and pathology.

El igf-ii estimlla la actividad de mmp-9 y mmp-2 en un modelo de trofoblasto humano / IGF-II Stimulates MMP-9 and MMP-2 Activity in a Human Trophoblast Model

La invasión del útero por el trofoblasto extravelloso de placenta de primer trimestre (EVCT) depende de la secreción de metaloproteasas de matriz (MMPs) que degradan la matriz extracelular y dentro de las cuales las gelatinasas MMP-9 y MMP-2 juegan un papel muy importante. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto de los ligandos del sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulina (IGF) en la actividad de gelatinasas en una línea celular establecida de trofoblasto extravelloso invasivo, HTR8/SVneo. Mediante ensayos de zimografía se encontró que el tratamiento con IGF-II 10 nM estimula la actividad de proMMP-9 y proMMP-2 con un máximo a las 24 horas. Dosis mayores de IGF-II mostraron un efecto inhibitorio en la actividad proteasa. Adicionalmente, el IGFII 10 nM estimuló la actividad de otras dos gelatinasas no identificadas de peso molecular 52 kDa tras tratamiento por 24 horas. Ni la insulina ni el IGF-I en concentraciones 10 nM mostraron un efecto estimulador en la actividad de las gelatinasas. Estos resultados muestran el papel potencial del sistema IGF en la regulación de la invasión celular y ayudan a comprender el desarrollo del crecimiento maligno.

Invasion of the uterus by first trimester placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells depends on matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) secretion to degrade the extracellular matrix; among these, MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinases play a pivotal role. The aim of this work was to determine the effect of ligands of the insulin-like growth factor system (IGF) on gelatinase activity in HTR8/Svneo cells, a well-established invasive extravillous trophoblast cell line. By zymography assay, we found that treatment with 10 nM IGF-II stimulates proMMP-9 and proMMP-2 activity with a peak at 24 hours, whereas higher IGF-II doses showed an inhibitory effect on the protease activity. Additionally, IGF-II stimulation resulted in the activation of two other gelatinases, with MW around 52 kDa, which remain to be identified. Neither insulin nor IGF-I were able to stimulate the activity of gelatinases at the time and doses utilized in this study. These results support the potential role of the IGF system in the regulation of cell invasion and malignant growth.

Señalización asociada al receptor del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina de tipo I en una línea celular colombiana de carcinoma mamario / Insulin-like growth factor receptor I signaling in a breast cancer cell line

Introducción. Varios estudios in vitro sugieren que la proliferación, migración y supervivencia en líneas celulares de cáncer de seno se ven significativamente afectadas por la activación del receptor IGF de tipo I (Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Receptor, IGF-IR).Objetivo. Caracterizar la fosforilación del IGF-IR y las moléculas de señalización intracelular Akt y Erk1/2 (vías de señalización PI-3K y MAPK, respectivamente), causada por el factor IGF-I en una línea celular colombiana de cáncer de mama ductal infiltrante (CSC 1595). Materiales y métodos. Las líneas celulares CSC 1595 y MCF-7 se cultivaron en medio DMEM con suplemento de suero fetal bovino 10%, glutamina 2 mM, penicilina 100 U/ml, estreptomicina 100 µg/ml a 37 0C, atmósfera de CO2 al 5% y humedad de 95%. Los extractos celulares se sometieron a inmunoprecipitación e inmunodetección con anticuerpos específicos anti-pIGF-IR, anti-pERK1/2 y anti-pAkt. Resultados. Cinco minutos después del estímulo con 10 nM de IGF-I, 70% y 25% del IGF-IR fueron fosforilados en las células CSC 1595 y MCF-7, respectivamente; también se observó activación de las proteínas Akt y ERK1/2. Los niveles basales y estimulados de las proteínas ERK1/2 fueron significativamente más altos en las células CSC 1595, comparados a los observados en MCF-7. Conclusiones. El IGF-IR y la vía MAPK cinasa que involucra las proteínas ERK1/2 muestran una fosforilación mayor en las células 1595 a la observada en las MCF-7. El IGF-IR, principal activador de esta vía, podría jugar un papel importante en los procesos de proliferación y metástasis de tumores de cáncer de mama ductal infiltrante.

Introduction. In vitro studies strongly suggest that proliferation, migration and cell survival of breast cancer cell lines are significantly affected by activation of the IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-IR).Objective. The phosphorylation by IGF-I of IGF-IR and the intracellular signaling molecules Akt (PI-3K pathway) and Erk1/2 (MAPK pathway) was characterized in a human breast cancer cell lines. Materials and methods. The study compared a standard breast adenocarcinoma line (MCF-7) cell line with a line (CSC 1595) derived from an infiltrating ductal breast cancer in a Colombian patient. The CSC 1595 and MCF-7 cell lines were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin and grown at 37°C in 5% CO2 atmosphere and 95% humidity. Cell extracts were prepared, followed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific anti-pIGF-IR, anti-pERK1/2 and anti-pAkt antibodies. Results. After 5 minute stimulation with IGF-I, 70% of the IGF-IR was phosphorylated in the cell line CSC 1595 and 25% in MCF-7. In addition, Akt (oncogene protein v-akt) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinases) were phosphorylated. Basal and stimulated levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were substantially higher compared to those in the MCF-7 cell line. Conclusions. The IGF-IR and MAPK kinase pathway involving proteins ERK1/2 showed more significant phosphorylation in the 1,595 cells compared to the observed in the MCF-7 cell line. Since the IGF-IR is the major activator of this pathway it may play an important role in ductal infiltrating breast cancer tumor growth and metastases.

[Insulin-like growth factor receptor I signaling in a breast cancer cell line]. / Señalización asociada al receptor del factor de crecimiento similar a la insulina de tipo I en una línea celular colombiana de carcinoma mamario.

INTRODUCTION: In vitro studies strongly suggest that proliferation, migration and cell survival of breast cancer cell lines are significantly affected by activation of the IGF type 1 receptor (IGF-IR). OBJECTIVE: The phosphorylation by IGF-I of IGF-IR and the intracellular signaling molecules Akt (PI-3K pathway) and Erk1/2 (MAPK pathway) was characterized in a human breast cancer cell lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study compared a standard breast adenocarcinoma line (MCF-7) cell line with a line (CSC 1595) derived from an infiltrating ductal breast cancer in a Colombian patient. The CSC 1595 and MCF-7 cell lines were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml streptomycin and grown at 37 °C in 5% CO2 atmosphere and 95% humidity. Cell extracts were prepared, followed by immunoprecipitation and immunoblotting with specific anti-pIGF-IR, anti-pERK1/2 and anti-pAkt antibodies. RESULTS: After 5 minute stimulation with IGF-I, 70% of the IGF-IR was phosphorylated in the cell line CSC 1595 and 25% in MCF-7. In addition, Akt (oncogene protein v-akt) and ERK1/2 (extracellular signal-regulated MAP kinases) were phosphorylated. Basal and stimulated levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 were substantially higher compared to those in the MCF-7 cell line. CONCLUSIONS: The IGF-IR and MAPK kinase pathway involving proteins ERK1/2 showed more significant phosphorylation in the 1,595 cells compared to the observed in the MCF-7 cell line. Since the IGF-IR is the major activator of this pathway it may play an important role in ductal infiltrating breast cancer tumor growth and metastases.

Insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in cervical scrapes from women with squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: There is ample evidence that the insulin-like growth factors (IGF) system is involved in the development of several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) and IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in exfoliated cervical cells in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS: mRNA levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-3 and IGF-IR were assessed by real-time PCR in 105 cervical scrapes obtained from 16 patients diagnosed with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), 24 with high-grade SIL (HSIL), 23 with cervical cancer, and 42 from controls with normal Papanicolau (Pap) test. RESULTS: IGF-I mRNA levels were very low and no significant differences were seen between control and other groups. IGF-II mRNA levels were significantly lower in LSIL than in control group (median [arbitrary units]: 0.38 vs. 2.42, P=0.006) but its expression in HSIL and cervical cancer was similar to the one observed in controls. IGFBP-3 mRNA levels were significantly lower in cancer than in controls (median [arbitrary units]: 0.43 vs. 0.73, P=0.03). We observed a decrease in IGF-IR gene expression as the SIL degree increased (median for controls, LSIL, HSIL, and cervical carcinoma [arbitrary units]: 31.24, 9.08, 8.95, and 3.56, respectively). IGF-IR mRNA levels were significantly lower in HSIL and cervical cancer in comparison with controls (P=0.043 and P<0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The present observations suggest that a reduced expression of IGFBP-3 and IGF-IR can be associated with progression to cervical cancer; the specific role played by the IGF-IR in this process remains unclear.

Estudio inmunocitoquímico y molecular de cultivo primario de tejido molar / Immunocytochemical and molecular studies with primary cultures of molar tissue

Introducción. La enfermedad trofoblástica gestacional comprende un conjunto de patologías caracterizadas por crecimiento e invasión anómalos del trofoblasto. Las bases moleculares de esta patología son desconocidas, en parte por la dificultad para disponer de modelos biológicos adecuados. Se plantea que el sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulina puede tener un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Objetivo. Caracterizar cultivos primarios de placentas de primer trimestre provenientes de pacientes con mola hidatidiforme completa y aborto espontáneo no molar mediante morfología, inmunocitoquímica y expresión diferencial de algunos genes del sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulina. Materiales y métodos. Se empleó inmunocitoquímica para determinar células trofoblásticas y detección por transcripción reversa y reacción en cadena de la polimerasa de genes del sistema de factores de crecimiento similares a la insulina asociados al tipo celular. Resultados. La morfología evidenció heterogeneidad de los cultivos, incluidas células mesenquimales, trofoblásticas y de decidua. El contenido de células de trofoblasto con citoqueratina-7 (marcador específico) estuvo entre 16 y 37 por ciento. La expresión de genes corroboró la presencia de trofoblasto por medio del ARNm del factor II de crecimiento similar a la insulina, en tanto que los transcritos de la hormona de crecimiento variante evidenciaron la presencia de sincitiotrofoblasto. El factor I de crecimiento similar a la insulina y la proteína de unión tipo 1 se relacionaron con células mesenquimales y de decidua. Se observó una mayor expresión del factor II de crecimiento similar a la insulina en tejidos molares en comparación con aborto no molar. Conclusiones. Los resultados mostraron la utilidad de combinar tres metodologías, morfología, inmunocitoquímica y expresión de genes, como herramientas para la caracterización y seguimiento de cultivos placentarios a partir....

Introduction. Gestational trophoblastic disease includes a group of pathologies characterized by abnormal trophoblast growth and invasion. The molecular bases of the disease are largely unknown, due in part to the lack of appropriate biological models. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system plays a fundamental role in the growth and development of many tissues and is involved in the progression of several diseases. Objectives. Primary cell cultures derived from first trimester placenta were characterized from patients with complete hydatidiform mole and spontaneous non molar abortion by immunocytochemical and molecular methods. Materials and Methods. The immunocytochemical method used specific markers for trophoblastic cells, whereas RT-PCR was used to identify insulin-like growth factor gene expression. Results. Histochemical staining with hematoxilin-eosin revealed that the cultures contained heterogeneous cell types, including trophoblast and endometrial decidual cells. The ratio of trophoblast cells in the cultures varied between 16% and 37%, as detected by cytokeratine-7 as the specific trophoblast marker. Gene expression analysis corroborated the presence of trophoblasts by detecting insulin-like growth factor II mRNA, whereas GH-V transcripts were correlated with the presence of syncitiotrophoblasts. Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 mRNAs were related to mesenchyimal and decidual cells, respectively. Higher insulin-like growth factor II expression levels were found in molar tissues in comparison with non-molar abortions. Conclusion. By combining three methodologies—morphology, immunocytochemistry and gene expression, characterization and follow-up of placenta cultures from abnormal tissues is found to facilitate diagnosis.

Serum levels of insulin-like growth factor-I and -II and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 in women with squamous intraepithelial lesions and cervical cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Pap smear has limitations as a screening test for cervical cancer. A marker that allows the identification of women who are at risk of developing cervical cancer would be useful for its prevention. A growing number of studies have demonstrated an association between insulin-like growth factors (IGF) serum levels and increased risk for various cancers. Objective. To assess whether circulating IGF-I, IGF-II, or IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) were associated with cervical cancer and low-grade and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL and HSIL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II and IGFBP-3 were measured by ELISA. Three groups of cases were analyzed: LSIL (n = 37), HSIL (n = 57), and cervical cancer (n = 41). For each case, two controls, matched by age, were included. Control subjects were women with normal, HPV-DNA-negative Pap smear. RESULTS: Significantly lower values of IGF-I (83.9 ng/ml versus 126.6 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratio (0.094 versus 0.137, p < 0.001) were observed among cancer cases, as compared to their control group. Women in the highest quartile of IGF-I and IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratio were at an 80% (OR = 0.2, 95% CI [0.06-0.61]) and a 77% (OR = 0.23, 95% CI [0.07-0.73]) lower risk of cervical cancer, respectively, compared with women in the corresponding reference category. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that low values of IGF-I and IGF-I:IGFBP-3 molar ratio may be associated with cervical cancer.

Extracción de ADN, ARN y proteínas de células cervicales provenientes de cepillados cervicales tomados para citología cérvico-uterina / DNA, RNA and Protein extraction from exfoliated cervical cells taken

Introducción: La citología cérvico-uterina (CCU) en el método más empleado en el tamizaje de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino. Sin embargo, la CCU tiene una proporción importante de falsos positivos y negativos, y sólo una minoría delesiones precancerosas identificadas desemboca en cáncer de cuello uterino.Objetivo: Analizar si de los cepillados cervicales es posible extraer ADN, ARN y proteínas útiles para estudios de marcadores de carcinogénesis cervical.Métodos: Se recolectaron 281 cepillados cervicales. ADN, ARN y proteínas de las células cervicales fueron extraídos empleando Trizol. Se realizó PCR para el gen de la beta globina, para evaluar el ADN extraído y RT-PCR de GAPDH y UBC, para evaluar el ARN extraído. Mediante PCR en tiempo real se cuantificó el número de copias de UBC. Las proteínas fueron cuantificadasempleando el método del ácido biscinconínico. Resultados: Nueve muestras fueron negativas para PCR de beta globina (3,2%). Otras nueve fueron negativas para RT-PCRde GAPDH (3,2%), pero 176 fueron negativas para RT-PCR de UBC. Las 105 muestras restantes fueron positivas para UBC empleando PCR en tiempo real. Las proteínas extraídas estuvieron en el rango de 30 a 4559 [mi]g/ml, dos de las 281 muestras fueron negativas para proteínas por el método del ácido biscinconínico. Conclusión: De los cepillados cervicales se puede extraer ADN, ARN y proteínas útiles para la búsqueda de marcadoresmoleculares en cáncer de cuello uterino; sin embargo, por el tipo de muestra analizado se recupera menos ARN. El usode RT-PCR de GAPDH para evaluar la calidad del ADN complementario sintetizado puede dar falsos positivos debido a la presencia de seudogen procesado. Se recomienda el uso de otros genes constitutivos como UBC.

Introduction: Papanicolau (Pap) test is the most employed screening test for precancerous cervical lesions. However, this test has an important proportion of false positives and false negatives, only a minority of the identified lesions will progress to cancer. Objective: To evaluate the remnant of cervical scrapes after the preparation of the slide as source of DNA, RNA and proteinsfor search of molecular markers of progression of precancerous lesions.Methods: DNA, RNA and proteins were extracted from 281 cervical scrapes using Trizol. To evaluate the quality of DNA a PCR for beta globine was used, RNA quality was tested by RT-PCR of GADPH and UBC genes. Real time PCR was used to evaluate the number of RNA copies of UBC gene. The protein level was obtained by the biscinconinic acid method. Results: Nine samples were negative for beta globin PCR (3,2%), 9 samples were negative for GAPDH RT-PCR (3,2%) and 176 samples were negative by UBC RT PCR , the remnant 105 were positive for UBC in real-time PCR. The extracted proteinswere in a rank between 30 and 4559 [mi]g/mL, two of 281 samples were negative for proteins. Conclusion: From cervical scrapes is possible to extract DNA, RNA and proteins usable in biomarkers research, however therecovery of RNA is lower, this can due to some characteristics inherent to the cervical cells. The use of GAPDH as in RT PCR to evaluate DNA quality can generate false positives due to the presence of a processed pseudogen, it is recommended the use of other constitutive gen like UBC.